They faced the political challenge coming from waves of Catholic immigrants.
In the 19th century the city was dominated by an elite known as the Boston Brahmins. In the Civil War era, it was the base for many anti-slavery activities. Along with New York, Boston was the financial center of the United States in the 19th century, and was especially important in funding railroads nationwide. The city recovered after 1800, becoming the transportation hub for the New England region with its network of railroads, and even more important, the intellectual, educational and medical center of the nation. However, the British blockade of the port seriously damaged the economy, and the population fell by two thirds in the 1770s. They besieged the British in the city, with a famous battle at Bunker Hill and won the Siege of Boston, forcing the British to retreat. The American Revolution erupted in Boston, as the British retaliated harshly for the Boston Tea Party and the patriots fought back. In 1630, Puritan colonists from England founded the city, which quickly became the political, commercial, financial, religious, and educational center of the New England region. The history of Boston plays a central role in the American history.
The 18th-century Old State House in Boston is surrounded by tall buildings of the 19th and 20th centuries.
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